Haematococcus Pluvialis

TABLE: BENEFITS OF ASTAXANTHIN

Immunity
Study	Results	Link
Astaxanthin decreased oxidative stress and inflammation and enhanced immune response in humans. (2010) (15)	Decreased DNA damage biomarker, decreased inflammatory response, increased immune cell activity Natural Killer e aumento da subpopulação de células imunes B e T	Open Link

Physical Activity
Study	Results	Link
Building strength, endurance, and mobility using an astaxanthin formulation with functional training in elderly. (2018) (1)	Increased muscle strength, muscle mass, endurance, and mobility in older individuals	Open Link
Effect of astaxanthin supplementation on muscle damage and oxidative stress markers in elite young soccer players. (2012) (2)	Decreased markers of muscle damage and oxidative stress after exercise	Open Link
Effect of astaxanthin on cycling time trial performance. (2011) (3)	Greater power and higher exercise speeds	Open Link
Effect of Astaxanthin Supplementation on Salivary IgA, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Young Soccer Players. (2015) (4)	Increased immunity, reduced oxidative stress, reduced markers of muscle and tissue damage, and reduced markers of inflammation	Open Link

Neurological Effects
Study	Results	Link
Antioxidant effect of astaxanthin on phospholipid peroxidation in human erythrocytes. (2011) (5)	Improved antioxidant capacity of red blood cells, which may contribute to the prevention of dementia	Open Link
Astaxanthine secured apoptotic death of PC12 cells induced by beta-amyloid peptide 25-35: its molecular action targets. (2010) (6)	Neuronal protection against Alzheimer's disease	Open Link
Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Astaxanthin and Sesamin on Daily Fatigue: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Two-Way Crossover Study. (2018) (7)	Significant improvement in recovery from mental fatigueAttenuation of increased levels of a marker of oxidative stress during physical and mental activities	Open Link

Metabolic Syndrome/Cardiovascular Diseases
Study	Results	Link
Astaxanthin improves glucose metabolism and reduces blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (2018) (8)	Increased serum adiponectin concentration (protective role against metabolic diseases), reduced visceral body fat, reduced serum triglycerides, VLDL (triglyceride and cholesterol transporter) and systolic blood pressure. Reduced fructosamine concentration and marginal reduction in blood glucose.	Open Link
Usefulness of Nutraceuticals (Armolipid Plus) Versus Ezetimibe and Combination in Statin-Intolerant Patients With Dyslipidemia With Coronary Heart Disease. (2015) (9)	Decrease in LDL Cholesterol, Total Cholesterol, and Triglyceride levels and increase in HDL Cholesterol (“good cholesterol”) levels compared to individuals who took a drug for dyslipidemia (ezetimibe)	Open Link
Positive effects of astaxanthin on lipid profiles and oxidative stress in overweight subjects. (2011) (10)	Significant reduction in LDL cholesterol and ApoB (cholesterol transporter)Reduction in levels of oxidative stress markers and increase in total antioxidant capacity	Open Link
Administration of natural astaxanthin increases serum HDL-cholesterol and adiponectin in subjects with mild hyperlipidemia. (2010) (11)	Reduction in triglyceride levels, increase in HDL and serum adiponectin levels	Open Link
Effects of Mixed Carotenoids on Adipokines and Abdominal Adiposity in Children: A Pilot Study. (2017) (12)	Increased levels of total adiponectin and high molecular weight adiponectin. Reduction in BMI, waist-to-height ratio, and subcutaneous fat.	Open Link
Protection against oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis of high-glucose-exposed proximal tubular epithelial cells by astaxanthin. (2009) (13)	Protective role in diabetic nephropathy (renal complication of diabetes mellitus)	Open Link

Anti-aging
Study	Results	Link
Enhanced antioxidant capacity and anti-ageing biomarkers after diet micronutrient supplementation. (2014) (14)	Increased total plasma antioxidant activity, increased red blood cell antioxidant capacity, increased levels of enzymes that decrease with aging, increased levels of growth factors that decrease with aging and whose reduction is associated with impairments in memory and learning capacity	Open Link

Gastric
Study	Results	Link
Nutraceutical Approach to Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): The Available Clinical Evidence. Nutrients. (2018) (16)	Prevention of liver injury induced by nonalcoholic fatty liver disease	Open Link
Astaxanthin Inhibits Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Interleukin-8 Expression in Helicobacter pylori-Infected Gastric Epithelial Cells. Nutrients. (2018) (17)	Reduction of oxidative stress and inflammatory response caused by infection by Helicobacer pylori	Open Link

Skin
Study	Results	Link
Cosmetic benefits of astaxanthin on humans subjects. (2012) (18)	Reduced skin wrinkles, reduced size of age spots, improved skin elasticity, texture and hydration	Open Link
Supplementating with dietary astaxanthin combined with collagen hydrolysate improves facial elasticity and decreases matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -12 expression: a comparative study with placebo. (2014) (19)	Improved skin elasticityReduced transepidermal water loss from the sun-aged face	Open Link
Protective effects of astaxanthin on skin deterioration. (2017) (20)	Suppression of the inflammatory response to UV-B-exposed skinIncreased skin hydrationReduction of facial wrinkles	Open Link
Continuous astaxanthin intake reduces oxidative stress and reverses age-related morphological changes of residual skin surface components in middle-aged volunteers. (2017)(21)	Reduction in keratinocyte desquamationReduction in the presence of microbes on the skinReduction in the size of lipid droplets, especially in obese individualsRejuvenating antioxidant effect on facial skin	Open Link
The Protective Role of Astaxanthin for UV-Induced Skin Deterioration in Healthy People-A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. (2018) (22)	Protection of the skin against UV radiation with an increase in the minimum dose of erythema (“sunburn”), reduction in the loss of skin moisture in the irradiated area and improvement in skin texture	Open Link

Eyes
Study	Results	Link
Carotenoids in Age-related Maculopathy Italian Study (CARMIS): two-year results of a randomized study. (2012) (23)	Stabilization/improvement in visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and visual function at 2 years in patients with Age-Related Macular Degeneration	Open Link

Tumor
Study	Results	Link
Effects of Astaxanthin on the Proliferation and Migration of Breast Cancer Cells In Vitro. (2018) (24)	Significant inhibition of tumor cell migration and reduction in tumor cell numbers, while preserving healthy cells	Open Link
Carotenoids inhibit proliferation and regulate expression of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) in K562 cancer cells. (2011) (25)	Reduced cell viability, induction of death and inhibition of tumor cell proliferation	Open Link

Abbreviations

AST: Astaxanthin

P: Placebo

AChE: acetilcolinesterase

GSH: glutathione

DOX: doxorubicin

PLOOH: Phospholipid hydroperoxides

BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor

SAH: subarachnoid hemorrhage

BBB: blood-brain barrier

NGF: nerve growth factor

DM: Diabetes Mellitus

DMNIT: Non-insulin treated Diabetes Mellitus

HTA: hypertension

PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention ALT: alanine aminotransferase

AST: aspartate aminotransferase

TC: total cholesterol

TGL: triglycerides

CRP: C-reactive protein

NAFLD: Non-alcoholic liver disease

MMP-1: Matrix metalloproteinase 1

PPAR-γ: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma

Bibliographic References

1. Liu SZ, Ali AS, Campbell MD, Kilroy K, Shankland EG, Roshanravan B, et al. Building strength, endurance, and mobility using an astaxanthin formulation with functional training in elderly. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2018;9(5):826-33.
2. Djordjevic B, Baralic I, Kotur-Stevuljevic J, Stefanovic A, Ivanisevic J, Radivojevic N, et al. Effect of astaxanthin supplementation on muscle damage and oxidative stress markers in elite young soccer players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2012;52(4):382-92.
3. Earnest CP, Lupo M, White KM, Church TS. Effect of astaxanthin on cycling time trial performance. Int J Sports Med. 2011;32(11):882-8.
4. Baralic I, Andjelkovic M, Djordjevic B, Dikic N, Radivojevic N, Suzin-Zivkovic V, et al. Effect of Astaxanthin Supplementation on Salivary IgA, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Young Soccer Players. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015;2015:783761.
5. Nakagawa K, Kiko T, Miyazawa T, Carpentero Burdeos G, Kimura F, Satoh A. Antioxidant effect of astaxanthin on phospholipid peroxidation in human erythrocytes. Br J Nutr. 2011;105(11):1563-71.
6. Chang CH, Chen CY, Chiou JY, Peng RY, Peng CH. Astaxanthine secured apoptotic death of PC12 cells induced by beta-amyloid peptide 25-35: its molecular action targets. J Med Food. 2010;13(3):548-56.
7. Imai A, Oda Y, Ito N, Seki S, Nakagawa K, Miyazawa T, et al. Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Astaxanthin and Sesamin on Daily Fatigue: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Two-Way Crossover Study. Nutrients. 2018;10(3).
8. Mashhadi NS, Zakerkish M, Mohammadiasl J, Zarei M, Mohammadshahi M, Haghighizadeh MH. Astaxanthin improves glucose metabolism and reduces blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2018;27(2):341-6.
9. Marazzi G, Pelliccia F, Campolongo G, Quattrino S, Cacciotti L, Volterrani M, et al. Usefulness of Nutraceuticals (Armolipid Plus) Versus Ezetimibe and Combination in Statin-Intolerant Patients With Dyslipidemia With Coronary Heart Disease. Am J Cardiol. 2015;116(12):1798-801.
10. Choi HD, Youn YK, Shin WG. Positive effects of astaxanthin on lipid profiles and oxidative stress in overweight subjects. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2011;66(4):363-9.
11. Yoshida H, Yanai H, Ito K, Tomono Y, Koikeda T, Tsukahara H, et al. Administration of natural astaxanthin increases serum HDL-cholesterol and adiponectin in subjects with mild hyperlipidemia. Atherosclerosis. 2010;209(2):520-3.
12. Canas JA, Lochrie A, McGowan AG, Hossain J, Schettino C, Balagopal PB. Effects of Mixed Carotenoids on Adipokines and Abdominal Adiposity in Children: A Pilot Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(6):1983-90.
13. Kim YJ, Kim YA, Yokozawa T. Protection against oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis of high-glucose-exposed proximal tubular epithelial cells by astaxanthin. J Agric Food Chem. 2009;57(19):8793-7.
14. Balcerczyk A, Gajewska A, Macierzynska-Piotrowska E, Pawelczyk T, Bartosz G, Szemraj J. Enhanced antioxidant capacity and anti-ageing biomarkers after diet micronutrient supplementation. Molecules. 2014;19(9):14794-808.
15. Park JS, Chyun JH, Kim YK, Line LL, Chew BP. Astaxanthin decreased oxidative stress and inflammation and enhanced immune response in humans. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2010;7:18.
16. Cicero AFG, Colletti A, Bellentani S. Nutraceutical Approach to Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): The Available Clinical Evidence. Nutrients. 2018;10(9).
17. Kim SH, Lim JW, Kim H. Astaxanthin Inhibits Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Interleukin-8 Expression in Helicobacter pylori-Infected Gastric Epithelial Cells. Nutrients. 2018;10(9).
18. Tominaga K, Hongo N, Karato M, Yamashita E. Cosmetic benefits of astaxanthin on humans subjects. Acta Biochim Pol. 2012;59(1):43-7.
19. Yoon HS, Cho HH, Cho S, Lee SR, Shin MH, Chung JH. Supplementating with dietary astaxanthin combined with collagen hydrolysate improves facial elasticity and decreases matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -12 expression: a comparative study with placebo. J Med Food. 2014;17(7):810-6.
20. Tominaga K, Hongo N, Fujishita M, Takahashi Y, Adachi Y. Protective effects of astaxanthin on skin deterioration. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2017;61(1):33-9.
21. Chalyk NE, Klochkov VA, Bandaletova TY, Kyle NH, Petyaev IM. Continuous astaxanthin intake reduces oxidative stress and reverses age-related morphological changes of residual skin surface components in middle-aged volunteers. Nutr Res. 2017;48:40-8.
22. Ito N, Seki S, Ueda F. The Protective Role of Astaxanthin for UV-Induced Skin Deterioration in Healthy People-A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients. 2018;10(7).
23. Piermarocchi S, Saviano S, Parisi V, Tedeschi M, Panozzo G, Scarpa G, et al. Carotenoids in Age-related Maculopathy Italian Study (CARMIS): two-year results of a randomized study. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2012;22(2):216-25.
24. McCall B, McPartland CK, Moore R, Frank-Kamenetskii A, Booth BW. Effects of Astaxanthin on the Proliferation and Migration of Breast Cancer Cells In Vitro. Antioxidants (Basel). 2018;7(10).
25. Zhang X, Zhao WE, Hu L, Zhao L, Huang J. Carotenoids inhibit proliferation and regulate expression of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) in K562 cancer cells. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2011;512(1):96-106.